The Role Of Morphological Traits On The Batting Performance Of Cricket Batsmen – A Review Study

Background: The batting performance is assessed by considering the batting average and strike rate of a batsman. With the induction of T-20 cricket matches, the strike rate of a batsman has gained much attention from coaches and team management. To increase the strike rate a batsman required to hit powerful shots for boundaries, which assist in making maximum scores at the minimum ball. Therefore, this investigation was planned to determine the effect of body size on the batting performance of cricket batsman. Methods: the literature for this study was selected for cricket coaching manual, cricket books, cricket batting videos, a biography of cricket batsmen, research articles. The academic documents were downloaded and shortlisted from Google Scholar, Research Gate, EBSCO, and ProQuest from 1990 to 2019. Results: The synthesized literature review concludes, stature, longer legs, longer arms, and lean body mass of a batsman show positive effects on the execution of powerful shots in cricket. Furthermore, the maximum strength of muscles assists a batsman to boost up the initial velocity of bat swing to accomplish the ball speed for a successful and powerful shot. Conclusions: Although stature and longer limbs of batsmen are associated with batting performance. On the other hand, the specific training would also enhance the capacity of cricket batsman for powerful shots in cricket. A future study was proposed to investigate the effect of training on the batting performance.

Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics of endogenous and exogenous cervical cancer with its clinical significance

Background:Cervical cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in women of less developed countries due to poor screening and decreased diagnostic approaches. We aimed to investigate and differentiate the distinct clinicopathological characteristics and prevalence of endogenous and exogenous cervical in hospitalized patients. Methods:A study was performed contained 663 patients that were enrolled and underwent for screening of endogenous and exogenous cervical cancer in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, from January 2010 to March 2015.Results:Our results indicated that combined examination of thin-prep liquid-based cytology test and human papillomavirus(HPV)-DNA are effective for diagnosis of endogenous and exogenous cervical cancer. The clinicopathological characteristics based on tumor growth pattern, and highrisk HPV-DNA incidence had no significant difference (p>0.05) in endogenous and exogenous cervicalcancer patients. The higher ratio of lymph node metastasis in endogenous cervical cancer and exogenous cervical cancer during IB1-stage (24.3% vs 12.9%), and in IIA2-stage (36.4% vs 25%) was observed respectively. In addition, our data provide compelling evidence that the level of deep interstitial infiltration, and lymphatic vascular infiltration in endogenous cervical cancer was collectively higher (82.7% and 33%) compared to exogenous cervical cancer (62.4% and18.3%) respectively during all stages.Conclusions:The higher percentage of lymph node metastasis,deep interstitial infiltration, and lymphatic vascular infiltration was observed in endogenous cervical cancer which might be the biomarker and differential key points for the diagnosis of endogenous cervical cancer. Taken together, our study provides clinicopathological features to diagnose, and differentiate the endogenous and exogenous type cervical cancer with its prevalence.

Structural basis of SARS-CoV-23CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants / 药物分析学报

The recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has raised global health concerns. The viral 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) enzyme controls coronavirus replication and is essential for its life cycle. 3CLpro is a proven drug discovery target in the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Recent studies revealed that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is very similar to that of SARS-CoV. Therefore, herein, we analysed the 3CLpro sequence, constructed its 3D homology model, and screened it against a medicinal plant library containing 32,297 potential anti-viral phytochemicals/traditional Chinese medicinal compounds. Our analyses revealed that the top nine hits might serve as potential anti- SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules for further optimisation and drug development process to combat COVID-19.

Discovery of human coronaviruses pan-papain-like protease inhibitors using computational approaches / 药物分析学报

The papain-like protease (PLpro) is vital for the replication of coronaviruses (CoVs), as well as for escaping innate-immune responses of the host. Hence, it has emerged as an attractive antiviral drug-target. In this study, computational approaches were employed, mainly the structure-based virtual screening coupled with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to computationally identify specific inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) PLpro, which can be further developed as potential pan-PLpro based broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. The sequence, structure, and functional con-serveness of most deadly human CoVs PLpro were explored, and it was revealed that functionally important catalytic triad residues are well conserved among SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The subsequent screening of a focused protease in-hibitors database composed of ～7,000 compounds resulted in the identification of three candidate compounds, ADM_13083841, LMG_15521745, and SYN_15517940. These three compounds established conserved interactions which were further explored through MD simulations, free energy calculations, and residual energy contribution estimated by MM-PB(GB)SA method. All these compounds showed stable conformation and interacted well with the active residues of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro, and showed consistent interaction profile with SARS-CoV PLpro and MERS-CoV PLpro as well. Conclusively, the re-ported SARS-CoV-2 PLpro specific compounds could serve as seeds for developing potent pan-PLpro based broad-spectrum antiviral drugs against deadly human coronaviruses. Moreover, the presented infor-mation related to binding site residual energy contribution could lead to further optimization of these compounds.

Efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract and hypertonic saline solution as intratesticular chemical sterilizing agents in dogs / Eficácia do extrato de folha de Azadirachta indica (Neem) e solução salina hipertônica como agente químico esterilizante intratesticular em cães

Castration refers to induced sterility via physical, chemical, or hormonal methods. Chemical castration is an efficient and reliable technique in contrast to other sterilization procedures as it is less painful to physical methods and cost­effective to hormonal methods. Azadirachta indica (neem), is a charismatic plant as its leaves possess anti­inflammatory, anti­microbial, and anti­androgenic chattels. To abate the escalating human population in South Asia, neem oil and neem leaf extract have been effectively used as a contraceptive agent. The key determinant of the current study was to evaluate Neem as a chemical sterilizing agent, (either necrotic or apoptotic), in dogs injected intratesticular in comparison to a hypertonic saline solution. Pre­ and post­injection testicular width size and blood samples for serum testosterone levels were collected on alternative days. Results disclosed substantial changes in testicular width size, histopathological profile, and serum testosterone level. A non­significant (P > 0.05) pre­injection testicular width readings in contrast to a significant increase (P < 0.05) three days post­injection was noted in all the competitive groups. The mean values recorded for testicular width size at the end of the trial study via neem leaf extract, 30% HSS and, control groups were 27.7362 ± 2.3315mm, 30.9594 ± 4.6861mm, and 24.5023 ± 2.5387mm, respectively. A declining trend, regarding serum testosterone level being statistically significant (P < 0.05) was recorded in treated groups (A, B) in contrast to the control group (C) as the values were 1.5357 ± 0.7819ng, 1.2669 ± 0.9095ng, and 2.4517 ± 0.1827ng in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Histopathological findings advocated the presence of apoptotic bodies in the neem treated group whereas the presence of degenerated interstitial cells, necrosed seminiferous tubules, damaged germinal epithelium, and ceased spermatogenesis was also studied in both competitive groups. Thus, the apoptotic effect and anti­inflammatory property of neem leaf extract resulted in less painful castration and verified Azadirachta indica as a better substitute for chemical castration in contrast to hypertonic saline solution.(AU)

A castração consiste na indução da esterilidade por meio físico, químico ou hormonal. A castração química é uma técnica eficiente e confiável, em contraste com outros procedimentos de esterilização, pois é menos dolorosa para os métodos físicos e econômicos para os métodos hormonais. Azadirachta indica (neem), é uma planta carismática, pois possui folhas anti­inflamatórias, antimicrobianas e antiandrogênicas. Para diminuir a crescente população humana no sul da Ásia, o óleo de nim e o extrato de folhas de nim têm sido efetivamente usados como agente contraceptivo. O principal determinante deste estudo atual foi avaliar o Neem como um agente esterilizante químico (necrótico ou apoptótico) em cães injetados intratesticularmente em comparação com uma solução salina hipertônica. O tamanho da largura testicular pré e pós­injeção e as amostras de sangue para os níveis séricos de testosterona foram colhidas em dias alternados. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alterações substanciais no tamanho da largura testicular, perfil histopatológico e nível sérico de testosterona. Observou­se uma leitura não significativa (P> 0,05) da largura testicular da pré­injeção, em contraste com um aumento significativo (P <0,05) três dias após a injeção em todos os grupos competitivos.Os valores médios registrados para o tamanho da largura testicular no final do estudo via extrato de folhas de nim,HSS a 30% e grupos controle foram 27,7362 ± 2,3315 mm, 30,9594 ± 4,6861 mm e 24,5023 ± 2,5387 mm, respectivamente.Uma tendência decrescente, com relação ao nível sérico de testosterona sendo estatisticamente significante (P <0,05), foi registrada nos grupos tratados (A, B), em contraste com o grupo controle (C), pois os valores eram 1,5357 ± 0,7819ng, 1,2669 ± 0,9095ng e 2,4517 ± 0,1827ng nos grupos A, B e C, respectivamente. Os achados histopatológicos advogaram a presença de corpos apoptóticos no grupo tratado com nim, enquanto a presença de células intersticiais degeneradas, túbulos seminíferos necrosados, epitélio germinativo danificado e espermatogênese interrompida também foi estudada nos dois grupos competitivos. Assim, o efeito apoptótico e a propriedade anti­inflamatória do extrato de folhas de nim resultaram em uma castração menos dolorosa e confirmaram que a Azadirachta indica foi um melhor substituto para a castração química do que a solução salina hipertônica.(AU)

To Assess the Frequency of Common Fractures Secondary to Motorcycle Accident in Patients Admitted to the Orthopedic Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Pakistan

Objective: To assess the frequency of common fractures secondary to a bike accident in patients admitted to the orthopedic department of a tertiary care hospital, urban center. Methods: This cross-sectional study embrace 240 patients with the bike out of action for 6-months from September 2017 to March 2018 in Department of Orthopedic Unit I and II, Dow University of Health Sciences/Civil Hospital urban center. Temporary history concerning the time of accident and age of the patients was taken. Examination and relevant X-Rays were done. All the knowledge was noted in proforma. Results: The common age of the patients was 32 years (0.92 ± 7.30). There have been 200 (83.33%) male and 40 (16.67%) female. Out of 240 patients, femoris fracture was found in 68 (28.33%), leg bone fractures 134 (55.83%), there have been 19 (7.92%) arm bone fractures, and radius-ulna fractures were determined in 19 (7.92%). Conclusion: Majority of the accidents are preventable by an academic campaign of the general public, social control of traffic rules, provision of facilities for passengers and upgraded observance system for transportation and drivers. Preventive programs and actions should be launched by policy manufacturers of involved departments and stakeholders at the national level.

Management of medical record in installation of inpatient regional public hospital Batara Guru Belopa

Background: This research is motivated by the high number of incompleteness of filling in the patient's medical record file in the inpatient installation, which is 30-35% in Regional Public Hospital Batara Guru Belopa.Methods: The research method is qualitative using the phenomenology approach. Determination of informants using purposive sampling method and obtained as many as eighteen informants. Data collection in the form of in-depth interviews, document review and observation. The validity of the data is done by triangulation and credibility test.Results: Management of medical records completeness seen from human resources who still need additional staffin the central part of the hospitalization by looking at the large number of patients and workload of the officers, doctors rarely fill in the full medical record sheets due to negligence of doctors due to other activities or in a hurry. Management of medical records completeness viewed from the procedure, there are still officers in the inpatient department who do not know the flow of exit and entry of the medical record file to the inpatient installation. The management of medical record completeness is seen from the information, implementation of hospital policy regarding the completeness of filling in medical record is not maximal because medical record file is slowly completed and returned to the medical record section.Conclusions: The hospital should be conducted a routine evaluation related to the completeness of the medical record and activated the hospital management information system (HMIS).

Nutrient composition of milkfish (Chanos chanos, Forskal) from Pangkep, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

@# Introduction: Milkfish is a potential source of animal nutrition, especially for supplying human protein needs. In the present paper, we provide complete data on nutrient content of milkfish that can be used as a reference for diet formulation and for the further processing of milkfish. Methods: Proximate analysis, amino acid and fatty acid composition, and vitamin and mineral content of milkfish were determined. Results: The results showed that milkfish contained high concentration of protein (24.18%) and high proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids as oleic acid (32.11%). The amino acid found in the highest concentration was glutamic acid (1.28%). The macro-minerals in the milkfish were calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Among the micro-minerals present were iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn), and the main vitamins present include A, B1 and B12. Conclusion: Based on their protein content, milkfish may be classified as a source of high protein. Glutamic acid which is the highest amino acid in milkfish as well as fatty acid content of oleic acid makes milkfish a healthful fish.

Minerals and phytochemical analysis of bitter melon fruits and its components in some indigenous and exotic cultivars / Análise fitoquímica e de minerais de frutos de melão amargo e seus componentes em alguns cultivares indígenas e exóticos

The present study was designed to compare the mineral contents and phytochemicals in fruits of some indigenous and exoticbitter melon cultivars. Skin, flesh, seeds and whole fruit of each cultivar were dried at room temperature and ground to fine powder which was packed separately in air-tight plastic jars for analysis. The data revealed that all the cultivars possessed appreciable amount of minerals. Indigenous cultivars possessed higher mineral contents than the exotic cultivars. Black King was found to be desirable cultivar with high amount of potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc with values of 258.83, 92.92, 46.74, 48.42, 3.90 and 1.78 mg/100g, respectively. Among fruit parts, flesh portion was rich in potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium and calcium followed by skin and seed. The seeds possessed relatively high amount of iron (4.44 mg/100g) and zinc (2.80 mg/100g). On the whole, flesh part of Black King is predominated in mineral profile while least quantity was observed in the seeds of Noor. All the cultivars possessed same types of phytochemicals although may vary in their abundance. Phenols, flavanoids, saponins and ascorbic acid were present in abundance in skin and flesh while seeds were found rich in alkaloids and glycoalkaloid. The variations in the chemical composition in fruit and components due to changes in agro-climatic conditions suggest that there is scope for developing cultivars to be grown in wide range of agronomic, climatic and geographic conditions with no effect on its nutrient and phytochemical profile.

O presente estudo foi projetado para comparar os teores de minerais e fitoquímicos em frutos de alguns cultivares indígenas e exóticos de melão amargo. Casca, polpa, sementes e frutos inteiros de cada cultivar foram secos à temperatura ambiente e moídos até obter-se um pó fino que foi embalado separadamente em frascos de plástico hermeticamente fechados para análise. Os dados revelaram que todos os cultivares possuíam quantidade apreciável de minerais. Cultivares indígenas possuíam maior conteúdo mineral que os cultivares exóticos. Descobriu-se que o Black King foi o cultivar desejável com alta quantidade de potássio, fósforo, magnésio, cálcio, ferro e zinco com valores de 258.83, 92.92, 46.74, 48.42, 3.90 e 1.78 mg/100g, respectivamente. Entre as partes das frutas, a polpa era mais rica em potássio, fósforo, magnésio, sódio e cálcio, seguida pela casca e pela semente. As sementes possuíam quantidades relativamente elevadas de ferro (4.44 mg/100g) e zinco (2.80 mg/100g). No geral, na polpa do Black King predomina o perfil mineral, enquanto uma menor quantidade foi observada nas sementes de Noor. Todos os cultivares possuíam os mesmos tipos de fitoquímicos, embora possam variar em sua abundância. Fenóis, flavonóides, saponinas e ácido ascórbico estavam presentes em abundância na casca e na polpa enquanto as sementes eram ricas em alcalóides e glicoalcalóides. As variações na composição química de frutos e componentes devido a mudanças nas condições agroclimáticas sugerem que há espaço para o desenvolvimento de cultivares a serem cultivadas em ampla escala de condições agronômicas, climáticas e geográficas, sem efeito no seu perfil nutricional e fitoquímico.

Comparison of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and LED-FM microscopy for the diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

ABSTRACT GeneXpert is one of the recent technological instruments used to diagnose tuberculosis in a short span of time. In this study, the performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) was compared with light-emitting diode Fluorescent Microscopy (LED-FM) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 737 EPTB samples were collected from tuberculosis (TB) suspected patients. Out of these samples, male to female ratio was 53% (n = 390) to 47% (n = 347) respectively. The sensitivity and specificity was 73% and 100% for GeneXpert, while 40% and 100% for LED-FM microscopy. This shows that the sensitivity of GeneXpert is 40-50%, higher than LED-FM microscopy. GeneXpert also detected low number of bacilli as compared to LED-FM microscopy.

Clinicohematological parameters and outcomes in a cohort of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with Deletion 17p from Pakistan

BACKGROUND: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) exhibits profound heterogeneity in its clinical course. Its clinicohematological and cytogenetic features play a significant role in determining the clinical course and in predicting the treatment response and prognosis. In this context, 17p deletion is known to predict a poor prognosis, as these cases are refractory to conventional therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the clinicohematological characteristics, outcomes, and prognostic factors among CLL patients with and without del 17p in Pakistan. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Haematology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (Rawalpindi, Pakistan) between January 2013 and December 2017. Patients were diagnosed based on the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia IWCLL criteria, their clinicohematological parameters were recorded, and cytogenetic analyses were performed. The time from diagnosis to treatment and the 2-year overall survival rate were also evaluated. RESULTS: We evaluated 130 CLL cases, including 24 patients (18.5%) with del 17p, who included 18 men (75%) and 6 women (25%). The median age was 68 years. Binet stage C was detected at the presentation in 16 patients (67%). Treatment was administered to 14 patients (70%) at a median interval of 11 months (range, 0–28 mo) after diagnosis. The overall response rate was 64.3%, the median event-free survival was 9 months (range, 1–23 mo), and the 2-year overall survival rate was 65%. CONCLUSION: Del 17p is relatively common in Pakistan, and patients harboring this deletion had poor treatment response and survival outcomes.

Low prevalence of colorectal cancer in south asians than white population in UK: probable factors

Colorectal cancer is common in White population in UK, while rare among South Asians living in UK. The main aim of this study was to find out probable reasons for very low prevalence of colorectal cancer among South Asians living in UK than White population. PubMed was searched by using key words and 2,153 articles were found and reviewed to find out related information. Websites of WHO, Office of National Statistics UK, and Cancer Research UK were also searched for relevant information. Diet and lifestyle are important factors for low colorectal prevalence among South Asians in UK. Vegetable and fruit use, physical activity, alcohol abstention or low usage, less tobacco use, and fecal material time in large intestine are important factors for low colorectal cancer development. It was concluded that South Asians have very low colorectal cancer prevalence in the UK than White population, which may be related to their diet, dietary habit, and lifestyle

Assessing knowledge and practice among patients with diabetes at tertiary care hospital

Objective: To assess knowledge and practice among patients with type 2 diabetes and to study their demographic details

Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study

Place and Duration of Study: Outpatient department, Combined Military Hospital Abbottabad, from Oct 2016 to Mar 2017

Material and Methods: A total of 430 patients with type 2 diabetes who attended outpatient department for routine visits were included in the study after taking consent. While patients with type 1 DM, chronic illnesses like; cardiac failure, renal failure and psychiatric illness were excluded from study. All patients were selected by non probability convenient sampling technique. Data was collected by using a questionnaire and was analyzed by using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were produced

Results: Out of 430, 232 [53.95 percent] were male while 198 [46.04 percent] were female with male to female ratio of 1.17:1. The greatest numbers of patients were in age group 60-69 years with average duration of DM 1-5 years in about 35.35 percent. Seventy seven percent of patients had positive family history of disease. About 40 percent of patients had average knowledge with mean score of 2.02 while 52.5 percent had satisfactory practice and routine follow up. Eye complications, neuropathy and nephropathy were major complications observed

Conclusion: The overall level of knowledge and practice concerning diabetes is average. This highlights the importance of awareness campaign and patient counseling to improve their knowledge regarding diabetes. There should be continuous process of evaluation to improve patient care and also health care delivery system

Acute toxicity study of a polysaccharide based hydrogel from linseed for potential use in drug delivery system

ABSTRACT Linseed hydrogel (LSH) was evaluated by acute toxicity for its potential application in oral drug delivery design. White albino mice and rabbits were divided in four groups (I-IV) and different doses of LSH (1, 2 and 5 g/kg body weight) were given except to the control group (I) that was left untreated. Rabbits were monitored for eye irritation, acute dermal toxicity and primary dermal irritation, whereas, body weight, food and water consumption, hematology and clinical biochemistry, gross necropsy and histopathology of vital organs were scrutinized in mice. LSH was considered safe after eye irritation test as no adverse signs or symptoms were seen in the eye. In dermal toxicity and irritation study, skin of treated rabbits was found normal in color without any edema or erythema. After oral administration, there was no sign of any abnormalities in treated group animals (II-IV). The hematology and clinical biochemistry of treated group animals was comparable with the control group. Histopathology of vital organs has not shown any lesion or abnormalities. In the light of these outcomes, it can be concluded that LSH is not a hazardous biomaterial and could be incorporated as an excipient in oral and dermal preparations.

Pars plana vitrectomy in vitreous hemorrhage with or without Intravitreal Bevacizumab: a comparative overview

Objective: To compare the success in patients having vitreous hemorrhage undergoing pars plana vitrectomy with or without preoperative intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab

Methods: This Randomized controlled trial was conducted at Department of Ophthalmology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre. Karachi. Duration of study was six months from January 2010 to June 2010. In this study 56 patients of advanced diabetic eye disease were divided into two groups. Patients in Group-A underwent three ports pars plana vitrectomy with preoperative intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab [Avastin] 1.25mg/0.05ml, 3.5mm from the limbus seven days before surgery and in Group-B patients underwent vitrectomy without preoperative intravitreal Bevacizumab [Avastin]. Intraoperative bleeding was monitored in both groups and was graded as no bleeding, mild bleeding and severe bleeding. The results were statistically analyzed through computer software SPSS 17

Results: Twenty eight patients in Group-A who were given an injection of intravitreal Bevacizumab [Avastin] before surgery, intraoperative bleeding monitored was ,no bleeding in 17 cases [60.7%], mild was observed in 6 cases [21.4%] and severe bleeding requiring diathermy to stop was observed in only 5 cases [17.9%]. 28 patients in Group-B that underwent surgery without Avastin no bleeding was observed in only 2 cases [7.1%], mild in 6 cases [21.4%] and severe in 20 cases [71.4%]

Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab [Avastin] was effective before vitrectomy in the surgical management of Advanced Diabetic Eye disease

Role of intravitreal bevacizumab in management of Eale's Disease

Objective: To investigate the role of Intravitreal Bevacizumab [IVB], in preventing vitreo-retinal complications in patients of Eale's Disease [ED]

Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology [AFIO], Rawalpindi from May 2015 to December 2016. A total of 52 eyes of 26 patients, diagnosed with stage I or II of ED were randomly divided in two groups. Group A received monthly injections of IVB for 3 months, with steroids and laser photocoagulation. Group B received only steroids and laser treatment. Patients were followed for three months, and were analyzed for different clinical parameters

Results: Mean age of study population was 28.5+/-2.64 years. Difference in frequency of patients requiring PPV and showing regression in neovascularization was statistically significant between both groups [p=0.005 for both]. However, difference in frequency of patients showing progression in stage of ED, regression of vasculitis and best corrected visual acuity at 12 weeks between two groups was not statistically significant [p= 0.012, 0.579, 0.046 respectively]

Conclusion: Intravitreal Bevacizumab injection, given monthly in patients of ED results in significantly more regression in neovascularization, and less requirement for PPV, as compared to those receiving standard steroids and laser photocoagulation treatment

Comparison of the efficacy of octreotide versus terlipressin in the prevention of early variceal rebleed after endoscopic banding and ligation

Objective: To compare the efficacy of terlipressin versus octreotide after endoscopic variceal band ligation [EVL] in prevention of early variceal rebleed. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gastroenterology, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from Jan 2011 to Jun 2011

Material and Method: All patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected through consecutive sampling. Both male and female patients between ages of 30 and 60 years were included in study. All patients received same intravenous antibiotics, intravenous vitamin K, syrup lactulose and underwent upper GI endoscopy with band ligation was done by gastroenterologist. After the procedure, all patients were placed randomly in two groups based on lottery method. Group-A received octreotide and group-B received terlipressin. The group-A received intravenous octreotide at the rate of 50ugm/hour and group-B received terlipressin 1 mg/4 hourly for 5 days after band ligation. Both groups were observed daily for evidence of early rebleed i.e. hematemesis, melena or both. For efficacy to be labelled, both must be absent. End point of the study was the prevention of early rebleed efficiently. Symptoms of hematemesis, melena or both were also recorded in proforma by close monitoring of patient

Results: Efficacy of terlipressin versus octreotide after EVL in prevention of early variceal rebleed was recorded as 87.69% [n=57] in group-A and 96.92% [n=63] in group-B while remaining 12.31% [n=8] in group-A and 3.08% [n=2] in group-B were not effectively treated, p-value was calculated as 0.04 which shows a significant difference in both groups

Conclusion: Terlipressin was significantly more effective than octreotide once combined with EVL in preventing early variceal rebleed in our study

Salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland: report of two cases in females

Salivary duct carcinoma is a rare tumor, commonly involving parotid gland. It typically affects middle aged to elderly males. The tumor has an aggressive behaviour and is notorious for early metastasis, high rate of local recurrence, and high mortality. Treatment is mainly surgical but other modalities are also used. We are reporting 2 cases in females who had different presentation, course of disease, treatment, and prognosis

Cognitive sequelae in survivors of traumatic frontal lobe injury: comparison between mild and moderate injury effects

Objective: To determine the frequency of cognitive deficits in the survivors of traumatic frontal lobe injury of mild to moderate severity

Study Design: Mix method study

Place and Duration of Study: Nishter Hospital Multan, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur and Sheikh Zaid Hospital Rahim Yar Khan, from Sep 2010 to Jun 2011

Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 55 participants. Fifteen of these were taken from healthy population with the age range of 20-30 years [Mean = 25.7 +/- SD = 4.6] and 40 participants were medically documented patients of frontal lobe injury of mild [20] to moderate [20] severity. The age range of mild traumatic frontal lobe injury patients was 20-32 years [Mean= 26.5 +/- SD = 4.9]. The age range of moderate severity patients was also 20-32 years [Mean= 26.4 +/- SD = 5.0]. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale revised and case history interview were administered to determine cognitive deficits following traumatic frontal lobe injury

Results: Statistical test, one way analysis was used to compare the performance of all these three [control, mild and moderate] groups. Results of present study reflected that cognitive deficits like memory deficits, language problems, trouble in concentrating and difficulty in planning are the major consequences of traumatic frontal lobe injury

Conclusion: To conclude, frontal lobe injury patients not only showed poor performance in clinically-driven structured and comprehensive memory tests when they were compared with healthy people but their performance also varied according to the severity of injury

Frequency of caesarean section at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Caesarean section is one of the commonly performed surgical procedure in obstetric care. High caesarean section rate may have implications due to cost, complications for mothers and child

Objective: To determine the frequency of caesarean section at tertiary care hospital

Methodology: In this cross sectional study sample size was 600 patients out of 363 underwent caesarean section. The data was collected from two institutions, Shahida Islam Teaching Hospital and District Headquarter Lodhran. All cases of institutional deliveries [booked and un-booked] via caesarean section during the defined study period were recorded as an inclusion criteria while there was no exclusion criteria. Data was collected based on non-probability convenient sampling method. A statistical analysis of collected data was done through SPSS software version 21

Results: In this study, it was found that the rate of caesarean section was 60.5% and 62% were elective Caesarean Section cases

Conclusion: The frequency of caesarean section is very high in our tertiary care hospital